Article
In a randomised controlled trial there should be no systematic differences between the groups before treatment. Still, some researchers choose to significance test for possible differences in background variables. This is superfluous, and can be misleading.
An important strength of randomised controlled trials is the fact that background variables, for example age and sex, is randomly distributed between the treatment groups. According to the CONSORT guidelines, baseline demographic and clinical characteristics should be reported separately for each group (1) . Table 1 shows an example which is an extract from a larger table with 23 variables, from a study comparing two treatment pathways for hip fractures. The authors write 'Baseline characteristics did not differ between the groups' ((2) page 1629). This is based on clinical judgement. The authors did not carry out significance tests for possible differences, and this is in line with the CONSORT guidelines (1) .
Table 1 Extract from a table with background variables in a randomised controlled trial (2 ). Reproduced with permission from Elsevier. Number (%) unless otherwise specified.
Comprehensive geriatric care (N=198)
Orthopaedic care (N=199)
Age in years, mean (standard deviation)
83.4 (5.4)
83.2 (6.4)
Female
145 (73)
148 (74)
Living alone
115 (58)
124 (62)
Intracapsular fracture
119 (60)
127 (64)
There will always be some differences in background variables in a randomised controlled trial. These differences are usually small. And following randomisation, these differences are known to be random. If significance tests were carried out for the background variables, one would expect to find statistically significant differences in about 5 % of the cases, that is, for about one variable out of twenty. In the study mentioned above, such a 'significant' finding could thus be expected in 1 of the 23 background variables.
However, such significance testing is still reported in some randomised controlled trials. What could the motivation be? We can think of two reasons: to test whether randomisation was performed properly, and to identify unbalanced background variables.
Was randomisation performed properly?
Was randomisation performed properly?
If there are reasons to suspect that randomisation was not performed properly, this can be tested. However, a significance level of considerably less than 5 % should be used. Fayers and King describe a trial with an overrepresentation of younger participants in one of the groups. The difference was highly significant, with p<0.0005. A closer look revealed a breach of adherence to the randomisation protocol (3) .
Unbalanced background variables?
Unbalanced background variables?
A more common motivation is probably to identify possibly unbalanced background variables between the groups. Thereafter, one can adjust for these in the analyses. But statistical significance depends on both sample size and the degree of imbalance, so this approach is discouraged (4, 5) . In a small study, a variable can be very unbalanced without causing the imbalance to be statistically significant. It could be more sensible to judge the degree of observed imbalance, and adjust for variables being unbalanced and judged as clinically important, than to use p-value driven selection. But this is also controversial, since this again would be a data-driven selection of variables for the analysis ((6) p. 417–8). And if carried out, these should be sensitivity analyses performed after the primary analysis.
No reason to significance test
No reason to significance test
There is no reason to significance test for differences in background variables in a randomised controlled study, unless there is reason to believe that randomisation was not performed properly. De Boer and colleagues call this an unhealthy research behaviour that is hard to eradicate (5) . In some randomised controlled trials it may be sensible to adjust for certain background variables, but these must be predefined before data are studied. This will be discussed in the next article in this series.